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2011. how much does the reservoir contain? It also codified the principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation and no significant harm (essentially importing from the Watercourses Convention). Tawfik, Rawia Discussion Paper 5/2015 . Sudans agricultural and hydropower interests align with those of Ethiopia while it has a strong interest in not alienating its 'big brother' and northern neighbour, Egypt, with whom it shares a long and partly contested border (Whittington et al., 2014). Improved relations among Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Sudanese can go a long way in enhancing the ability of their leaders to negotiate and adopt agreements that reflect the interests of citizens, especially regarding economic development and poverty alleviation. However, Sudans future water requirements will likely exceed its water quota as defined in the 1959 Agreement. (2014). In July of 2021, the second filling of the dam was completed. Addis Ababa has said the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), a $4bn hydropower project, is crucial to its economic development and to provide power. Neither the Egyptian nor the Ethiopian governments received positive domestic feedback on their agreement. European countries including Italy, Belgium and especially the UK controlled the Nile as part of colonisation and the broader Scramble for Africa. These colonising states used the tactic of concluding treaties (often at gunpoint) to secure their interests and, in this case, essentially prohibit upstream states from using their own waters. This is because it is traditionally understood to refer to waterways that form intrinsic parts of international boundaries. Gebreluel, G. (2014). The GERD has become a new reality challenging the traditional dynamics in the Nile River Basin. The dispute resolution committee could be made up of the Nile Council of Ministers (Nile-COM), which includes the ministers in charge of water affairs in all member states of the Nile River Basin. Misplaced Opposition to the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD): Update. The withdrawal from the project by Deltares has been met by a wave of objections in Egypt for fear . India dispatch: Supreme Court limits DNA paternity testing in divorce proceedings, prioritizing childrens privacy rights, US dispatch: Texas case could limit access to abortion medication, Copyright infringement made federal crime. grand ethiopian renaissance dam Flashcards | Quizlet The announcement on Friday comes a day after Ethiopia said it had launched power production from the second turbine at the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). This paper discusses the challenges and benefits of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), which is under construction and expected to be operational on the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia in a few years. Indeed, Sudan had initially opposed the Dam but changed its position in 2012 after consultations with Ethiopia. The former was initially funded by the World Bank and the European Investment Bank, but these later withdrew for legal and other reasons. Since its inception, there have been two, highly contentious, products. If it is allowed to reach dangerous levels, water scarcity has the potential to trigger conflicts. It's very unpredictable and it can be very dangerous," says Pottinger. L'Europe en Formation, 365(3), 99-138. The principles of cooperation have not been translated into specific technical agreements on dam management (and more), in the context of difficult domestic politics for both sides. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Egypt's enemy or a blessing in Match facts: Egypts Ahly v South Africas Mamelodi Sundowns (CAF Champions.. Kevin Harts first Egypt show cancelled 'due to local logistical issues', Match facts: Sudans Al-Hilal v Egypts Ahly (CAF Champions League), Match facts: Egypts Ahly v Cameroons Coton Sport (CAF Champions League), Egyptian Premier League results & scorers (20th matchday), Spain La Liga results & scorers (21st matchday), 13 Egyptian women on Forbes Middle East 100 Most Powerful businesswomen 2023, Egyptian Premier League results & fixtures (18th matchday), English Premier League results & scorers (23rd matchday), Prioritising the best solutions for sustainable development, A new beginning for education and beyond, Prioritizing the UN's Global Development Agenda, US-Africa Leaders Summit: Between expectations and realities. Water scarcity is a growing problem. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is the new - The Conversation Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - jpl.nasa.gov GIGA Focus No. The toll on the local communities affected by the dams has been enormous. Negotiations resumed three weeks after Al-Sisi took office in June 2014, and an agreement was made to resume negotiations - an achievementhailed by both Egypt and Ethiopia as a new chapter in relations between Egypt and Ethiopia based on openness and mutual understanding and cooperation (Omar, 2014). The 1959 agreement allocated all the Nile Rivers waters to Egypt and Sudan, leaving 10 billion cubic meters (b.c.m.) Egypt's 100 million people rely on the Nile for 90% of the country's water needs. The establishment of the Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile, up 145 and a storage capacity of 74 . 74 cubic metres. Egypt has taken various efforts in a bid to secure its water security in the context of the Nile River. Construction of the 6,000-megawatt, US $5 billion Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) began . This represents a new challenge to the basins current hydro-political regime and status quo, as it may drive Sudans interest in renegotiating its current quota(Link et al., 2012;Whittington et al., 2014). Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) - ArcGIS StoryMaps Fast Track Approach to Design and Construction at Grand Ethiopian AFRICANGLOBE. Revisiting hydro-hegemony from a benefitsharing perspective: the case of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Given the fact that the conflict between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan over the GERD seems to be among the most pressing issues in the region, it might be advisable for emphasis to be placed on securing a trilateral agreement that secures the peace between these three countries first. Ultimately, all the water is allowed to pass downstream such that there is no net loss of flow (with the exception of water lost to evaporation). In my opinion, this should be negotiable, to fill the lake over a longer period, and only when the river is sufficiently full. In fact, about 85 % of the overall Nile flow originates on Ethiopian territory (Swain, 2011). The politicisation of the Niles water and the utilisation of development projects to achieve political ends are not new phenomena. [18] Nile negotiations break down as Egypt, Sudan accuse Ethiopia of rejecting legally binding agreement. Thus, it is only through cooperation that Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, and the other riparians can peacefully resolve conflicts over the Nile and achieve the type of water use that will contribute significantly to regional economic and human development. Egypt and Ethiopia have once again locked horns over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile. On the contrary, GERD has a positive impact in terms of reducing flood and silting and boost water conservation as well as generate energy for the region. As stipulated by an Agreement of 1959 (see:Nile Main Conflict), Egypt and Sudan presented for several decades a common position vis--vis other riparians regarding the utilisation and management of Nile waters. Addis Ababa expects to sell no less than 4,000 Megawatts (MW) of electricity to its regional partners in the coming decade. Practically from the outset, the World Bank and international donors withdrew funding due to a lack of transparency, driven home when it was learned that the construction had begun without a permit from the Environmental Protection Agency in Ethiopia. However, as noted above, the trouble with relying on the DoP is that its legal status is not clearly defined. Egyptian Water Security and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Why Since then, there has been a constant stream of complaints regarding the social and environmental impacts on downriver areas, including large displacements of local populations. Egypt has issued a public statement to that effect. [35] The lack of international financing for projects on the Blue Nile River has persistently been attributed to Egypt's campaign to keep control on the Nile water share. Disputes over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) Concern has focused in particular on Lake Turkana, which derives 90 per cent of its water from the Omo River on which the Gilgel Gibe III Dam was built. Therefore, a negotiated position that favours Ethiopia is likely to be reached once it becomes politically palatable enough inside Egypt. July 26, 2022. IDS (2013). Addis Ababa launched the construction of the GERD under Zenawi, and work on it has proceeded at full steam ahead ever since. Von Lossow, T. & Roll, S. (2015). The three fillings hitherto, with the most recent in August 2022, imposed no discernible harm on downstream states. While the water will return to its normal state before reaching Egypt, the damage to these populations will be permanent. In June 2020, tensions escalated when Ethiopia declared its intent to fill the dam in July without an agreement, which again led to Egypt and Sudan requesting UNSC intervention on the matter (Kandeel, 2020). (2017). Despite the controversy and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam's effect on Egypt and Sudan, it appears that the Ethiopian government will continue to move forward with filling the dam. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam will have negative impacts not only on Egypt but also on poor communities in Ethiopia as well as on its Nile Basin neighbours. They generate electricity, store water for crop irrigation and help to prevent floods. While this means new opportunities to develop extended irrigation-based agriculture for the Sudanese, it represents also a new threat for Egypts current Nile water utilisation (Whittington et al., 2014). The Nile riparians must understand that the river is a common resource whose effective management must be approached from a basin-wide perspective. That seems unlikely given that the DoP concerns the Dam alone and was agreed only between Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan; whereas the Nile Waters Treaties concern the whole Nile Basin and involve many more states. While the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is taking shape on . . Ethiopias dam-construction strategy threatens not only Kenyas water-resource development efforts but also Somalias water security, as is evidenced by Ethiopias development plans for the Jubba and Shebelle Rivers. (PDF) Benefit of Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project (GERDP) for The Nile waters have historically been governed by the Nile Waters Treaties. These colonial-era agreements comprise (i) the 1902 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty (with the UK representing modern-day Sudan); (ii) the 1929 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (with the UK representing modern-day Kenya and Uganda) and (iii) the 1959 Egypt-Sudan Treaty (with the UK now absent as a result of decolonisation). [35] Although the case has been dropped, the organisations work focused international attention on the dams potential detrimental impacts on the lakes habitat. Moreover, with GERD, Ethiopia opts for a hydropower expansion strategy on the Blue Nile, and not an irrigation strategy. Ethiopias Blue Nile Dam is an opportunity for regional collaboration, Developing countries are key to climate action, Self-organizing Nigeria: The antifragile state, Managing the compounding debt and climate crises. Before discussing the benefits, the article will brief the general technical overview of the GERDP. Moreover, after the completion of the GERD, Egypt could run short of water if the operation of the GERD was not carefully coordinated with that of the AHD. Egypt, which lies 1,600 miles downstream of the Dam, believes its operation will reduce the amount of fresh water available to it from the Nile. The results indicated that the negative impacts on Egyptian water resources are dominant. Both Egypt and Ethiopia could make arguments in support of their positions. The researchers looked at the dynamic interactions between the Nile's hydrology and infrastructure and Egypt's economy. As a result, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has recognised water security as a possible threat to international peace. Lastly, over-year storage facilities upstream in Ethiopia will allow Sudan to increase its water use. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. Owned and operated by the Ethiopian Electric Power company, the 145-m-tall roller-compacted concrete gravity dam . Ethiopia, however, prefers to have the flexibility to make decisions on how to deal with droughts. The 10-year filling time of GERD will likely contribute to fastened salinisation in Egypt. Further, it means that this figure should be used to assess the impact of the Dam on the Egyptian economy for the purposes of calculating compensation resulting from loss of flow. It can help the riparian states outline principles, rights, and obligations for cooperative management of the resources of the Nile. It will be the largest hydropower project in Africa. However, Ethiopia ultimately refused to sign the draft agreement. The Eastern Nile Basin is of critical geopolitical importance to the Niles overall hydro-political regime. The final touches to these plans were added in 2005 and 2007, and one involves nine hydroelectric dams along the Gebale Dawa to produce some 1,300 MW of electricity for export. It could be a treaty or merely a political declaration as the name implies. A political requirement will be to agree on rules for filling the GERD reservoir and on operating rules for the GERD, especially during periods of drought. His successor, Mohamed Morsi, said that Egypt was prepared to defend each drop of Nile water with blood. An armed conflict has not emerged, but there are suggestions that Egyptian intelligence services undermined Ethiopia internally by assisting the Oromo Liberation Front in its campaign of civil unrest in Ethiopia in 2016. Consequently, it suits Egypts interests in this context to argue that the DoP is binding, that it precludes any net loss of flow and therefore that the use of the Dam for irrigation purposes is prohibited. The New Arab (2020b). Although the immediate issue at stakesecuring a technical agreement on the filling of the GERDs reservoiris among Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan, the broader and longer-term goal should be for all 11 statesincluding Tanzania, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Eritrea, and South Sudanto agree on a legal regime for the management of this important watercourse. In the modern era, the US used water to blackmail Egypt. Monday January 2, 2017. Ethiopia, one of the poorest countries in Africa, has the second largest population in the continent. Impacts of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on Downstream Countries Furthermore, resolving conflicts involving the Nile River is most likely to be more successful through improvements in relations between the riparians and not through external intervention. To African commentators in recent decades, massive investments in mega-energy and irrigation projects were emblematic of the African economic emergence, and Ethiopia at that time vaunted itself as one of the fastest-growing economies in the region. Another important area of cooperation is research, especially in areas like climate change, the fight against terrorism and extremism, and human rights. It states in Principle III that the parties shall take all appropriate measures to prevent the causing of significant harm. Although Khartoum initially opposed the construction of the GERD, it has since warmed up to it, citing its potential to improve prospects for domestic development. This is good news for Egypt and Sudan as hydropower means little actual water withdrawal. per year, that would constitute a drought, to push the three countries to adhere to their obligations in accordance with the rules of international law in order to reach a fair and balanced solution to the issue of the GERD, 1929 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty and 1959 Agreement. Hence, it is hard to see how Egypt could make a compelling argument that it has been harmed by the Dam. The various warnings by experts about the dangers of the new Ethiopian dam have begun to cause panic among Egyptians, to the point of belief that the Aswan Dam will collapse once the Renaissance is completed. Huddersfield Repository - University of Huddersfield Water scarcity is a growing problem. UN ready to promote 'win-win solution' for Blue Nile dam project 1800m long and 170m high. It has led a diplomatic initiative to undermine support for the dam in the region; as well as in other countries supporting the project such as China and Italy. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Source of cooperation or - USGS On the surface, the 558 ft tall dam Africa's biggest hydropower project belies Ethiopia's financial muscle. Maguid, M.A. Indeed, Egypt has called the filling of the dam an. This is on the basis of the principles of State succession as outlined in the Vienna Convention on the Succession of States (VCSS). grand ethiopian renaissance dam. Both countries are concerned that without a clear and binding agreement with Ethiopia, the latter will have full control of the passage of water from the GERD during droughts, which would be devastating to the lives of millions in Egypt and Sudan. Negative impacts of the GERD - Opinion - Ahram Online Ethiopia's Grand Renaissance Dam. Disputes over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), hailed by both Egypt and Ethiopia as a new chapter in relations between Egypt and Ethiopia based on openness and mutual understanding and cooperation (. This is because the VCLT allows an older treaty to be rescinded by a new one if the new one concerns the same topic (Article 59). 497 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Premium High Res Photos - Getty Images The crucial leverage regarding Egypts water security lies with the Blue Nile countries Ethiopia and Sudan, as the Blue Nile is the main contributor to the Nile Rivers flow downstream. Ethiopia's Grand Renaissance Dam: Ending Africa's Oldest Geopolitical Rivalry? Challenges for water sharing in the Nile basin: changing geo-politics and changing climate. Egypts original goal was to have the project purely and simply cancelled. Typically, treaties contain provisions on the identification and function of the depositary, entry into force, adoption and so on (Article 24(4) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT)). Terms in this set (10) how long and high is the dam? Attia, H. & Saleh, M. (2021). Impacts of Grand Renaissance Dam on Economic Development in Ethiopia As early as 1957, Ethiopian officials said that the Somalian economy could not survive on its own given how heavily dependent it was on Ethiopia. Second came the 2015 Declaration of Principles (DoP) which concerned the Dam specifically (rather than the Nile more broadly). The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam will increase energy generation and development in Ethiopia, but it may have unwanted consequences for other Nile River users. In that light, Egypt should minimize trips to Washington, D.C., New York, and Brussels, and instead use its diplomatic resources to improve its relations with the other riparian states. Ethiopia says it will take a further four to six years to fill up the reservoir to its maximum flood season capacity of 74bcm. At that point, the lake that . The first filling of the dam in July 2020 went uneventfully. Ethiopia says second filling of Renaissance Dam complete The disadvantages for Egypt and Sudan are the possibility of reduced river flow, although this is only really a problem during the years of filling the dam. Egypts main argument might be that, despite being unsatisfactory and anachronistic, the Nile Waters Treaties remain good law and are enforceable against the respective parties. Flashcards. The United States is Committed to Egypt's Water Security and Advancing It will also give Ethiopia more control . First, as noted above, Ethiopia contributes 86% of the water in the Nile and so it seems only natural that it has an equitable claim to using Nile waters to aid growth in its impoverished economy. This crisis has raised great concerns among large sectors of the Egyptian society, especially in light of recalling such statements as "water war," "water militarization," "military management of the GERD crisis," "water terrorism," and "Ethiopian hydro-hegemony over the Nile Basin" [ 1, 2 ]. This is hardly a revelation, as this strategy has long been foremost in the minds of the ruling elites in Addis Ababa and supported by the international powers. It can be demand-driven, typically caused by population growth, and supply-driven, typically caused by decreasing amounts of fresh water often resulting from climate change or a result of societal factors such as poverty. As a consequence, Ethiopia has not been able to make significant use of the rivers waters. For example, in 2017, the UNSC highlighted the security risks of water stress in the Lake Chad Basin Region, affecting Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria, based on a combination of water scarcity, drought, desertification and land degradation. Ethiopia completes third filling of Blue Nile mega-dam reservoir In recognition of the fact that the Nile Waters Treaties had become an uncomfortable and anachronistic vestige of colonialism, ten watercourse states along the Nile (including Egypt and Ethiopia) agreed in 1999 to form the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI). At stake, too, is . The Blue Nile is Ethiopias largest river, with high potential for hydropower and irrigation. for seepage and evaporation, but afforded no water to Ethiopia or other upstream riparian statesthe sources of most of the water that flows into the Nile. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Gets Set to Open - Hiiraan Online Attempts to resolve the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam dispute over the past decade have reached a deadlock. Why the Nile could see a 'water war'. Crucially, however, neither Egypt nor Ethiopia are parties to the Watercourses Convention and so they are not bound by its terms. The disadvantages for Egypt and Sudan are the possibility of reduced river flow, although this is only really a problem during the years of filling the dam. The GERD and the Revival of the Egyptian-Sudanese Dispute over the Nile Waters. One senior advisor to former Ethiopian prime minister Meles Zenawi alluded to it when he said that Ethiopia will supply the electricity, Sudan the food, and Egypt the money. To which we might add, and South Sudan will supply the oil.. As a hydroelectric project, the dam is expected to generate 6,000 megawatts of electricity. Ethiopia also seems to have the political upper hand given that the Dam is effectively a fait accompli and given that Egypts erstwhile downstream ally, Sudan, switched sides in the dispute leaving the Egyptians diplomatically isolated. Whittington, D. et al. In addition, no independent, multilateral Environmental and Social Impact Assessments has been carried out suggesting that Ethiopia is reneging from the 2015 Declaration of Principles (Kandeel, 2020). Indeed, Egypt has called the filling of the dam an existential threat, as it fears the dam will negatively impact the countrys water supplies. Trilateral talks between Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan to finalise an agreement on a cooperation framework for the GERD have been mediated by the African Union, World Bank and United States. In order to sustain this benefit in the long run, Ethiopias neighbouring countries will have to continue to purchase hydroelectric energy, and rainfall will have to fall at the same rate on the Ethiopian Plateau. In an effort to forestall potential water conflicts such as the one brewing around the Dam, an increasing number of bilateral and multilateral water agreements have been concluded in recent decades. (2011). Download PDF 1.40 MB. Because the strategy of land allocation and dam construction relied on senior executive decisions and foreign funding from China, above all, the government was largely freed of pressures of transparency and accountability. to hydrate farmland), it would effectively be taken from downstream states like Egypt. The so-called Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (Gerd) is Africa's biggest hydroelectric project to date. Egypt had asked the UNSC to push the three countries to adhere to their obligations in accordance with the rules of international law in order to reach a fair and balanced solution to the issue of the GERD. Egypts repeated references to the rules of international law is part of an effort to maintain its so-called natural and historical rights that were established and reaffirmed by the 1929 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty and 1959 Agreement between Egypt and Sudan, respectivelytreaties many of the other involved parties reject as anachronistic and untenable. This agreement could pave the way for a more detailed cooperation framework, and represents a major step toward dispute resolution. Review a brief history of copyright in the United States. Zegabi East Africa News (2015). Nevertheless, Khartoum continues to fear that the operation of the GERD could threaten the safety of Sudans own dams and make it much more difficult for the government to manage its own development projects. These two factors could become serious problems. The Tripartite National Council (TNC) was then established, consisting of members from each of the three countries with the aim of carrying through the IPoE's recommendations (Attia & Saleh, 2021). In its 2013 report, the International Rivers Organisation predicted that the long-term effects of the Gibe III Dam would turn Lake Turkana into another Aral Sea. The piece (i) gives a brief history of the Dam; (ii) outlines the role of the Watercourses Convention; (iii) explains the significance of the Nile Waters Treaties; (iv) sets out the main legal arguments for Egypt and (v) provides the main legal arguments for Ethiopia. Rendering of GERDEthiopia is building one of the largest dams in the world, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), on the River Nile near the Sudan border. Sign up for news on environment, conflict and cooperation. "Today as you see behind me . In terms of the current status of talks, in 2019, US Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin began facilitating negotiations between Egypt and Ethiopia which led to some tentative progress. It will take between eight and ten years to fill the new dam. Nevertheless, it is important to take stock of the human costs, social problems, and lasting environmental impacts of this strategy which have already drawn considerable criticism and concern. the study highlights the importance of weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of counter-hegemonic tactics in general, and of large dam projects in particular, and .