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In some cases, the student is not able to meet the proficiency level specified in the lesson objectives within the allotted time. A sterile cockpit has nothing to do with the cleanliness of the physical environment. a very fine elucidation. It states that: "No flight crew member may perform any duties during a critical phase of flight not required for . The student must be intellectually and psychologically ready for the learning activity. From Flight that problems arose when non-pertinent company radio calls and PA announcements When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. Two benefits accrue from this step: the student, being freed from the need to concentrate on performance of the maneuver and from concern about its outcome, is able to organize his or her thoughts regarding the steps involved and the techniques to be used. Students who are worried or emotionally upset are not ready to learn and derive little benefit from instruction. Informing the tower of the balked landing should be accomplished only after these tasks are completed. The Practical Test Standard (PTS) is not a teaching tool. Preoccupation inside or outside the flight deck while changing aircraft configuration or trim, maneuvering to avoid other traffic, or clearing hazardous obstacles during takeoff and climb could create a potential stall/spin situation. Generally speaking, complex operations tend to induce fatigue more rapidly than simpler procedures do, regardless of the physical effort involved. The amount of training any student can absorb without incurring debilitating fatigue varies. Where introduced, these proactive moves have been widely adhered to and recognised as a valuable contribution to operational flight safety. Providing a solo endorsement for a student who is not fully prepared to accept the responsibility for solo flight operations, or providing an endorsement for an additional rating to a pilot not meeting the appropriate regulatory requirements, is also a breach of faith with the applicant, As discussed on page 8-2, aviation training and flight operations are now seen as a system rather than individual concepts. A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. Tension and apprehension apparently contribute to airsickness and should be avoided, Fatigue is one of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made. The ability to ride on an air carrier's Note: Taxi is defined Also associated with pilot skill evaluations during flight training are the stage checks conducted in FAA-approved school courses and the practical tests for pilot certificates and ratings, In assessing piloting ability, it is important for the flight instructor to keep the student informed of progress. Exact interpretation of what constitutes the "sterile zone" is influenced by aircraft type, role, and operating environment. If students do not fully understand how to use the equipment, or if they rely on it so much that they become complacent, it can become a detriment to safe flight. In an emergency, this ability could save the pilots life and those of the passengers, During the conduct of integrated flight training, the flight instructor must emphasize to the students that the introduction to the use of flight instruments does not prepare them for operations in marginal weather or instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). Aircraft speed and control take precedence over all other actions during landings and takeoffs, Stress landing in the first third of the runway to ensure there is stopping distance for the aircraft. SMALL TALK, BIG DISTRACTION: TAKING A LOOK AT THE STERILE COCKPIT CONCEPT THROUGH THE LENS OF HELICOPTER OPERATIONS This training method has been in use for a long time and is very effective in teaching kinesthetic skills so flight instructors find it valuable in teaching procedures and maneuvers. When students begin flight training, they bring with them their interests, enthusiasms, fears, and troubles. the gross rent multiplier uses quizlet. April 4, 2016 by Klauder Phil. Aircraft Destroyed. If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. The published minimum altitude at the area clearances and altitude deviations) increases when a crew member is out of the To explain the decision-making process, the instructor can introduce the following steps with the accompanying scenario that places the students in the position of making a decision about a typical flight situation, The first step in the decision-making process is to define the problem. jump seat is quite a valuable privilege, but it is important that the additional sterile cockpit rule over the past decade, pilots have continued to have accidents [Figure 8-11], During a lesson, workload can be gradually increased as the instructor monitors the students management of tasks. The Sterile Cockpit/Flight Deck concept involves the restriction of flight crew member activity to that which is operationally essential during busy phases of flight - taxi out, take off, initial climb, intermediate and final approach, landing, and taxi in. ATC can help decrease pilot workload by providing traffic advisories, radar vectors, and assistance in emergency situations. He also finds charts and a lesson plan he can use. The four-engine Dash 7 was (a) No certificate holder shall Stress is the bodys response to demands placed upon it. tend strictly to the task at hand -- that of safely operating the aircraft. by the conversation. Fatigue is the primary consideration in determining the length and frequency of flight instruction periods and flight instruction should be continued only as long as the student is alert, receptive to instruction, and is performing at a level consistent with experience, It is important for a CFI to be able to detect fatigue, both in assessing a students substandard performance early in a lesson, and also in recognizing the deterioration of performance. Instructor responsibilities include teaching the student to divide his or her attention between the distracting task and maintaining control of the aircraft. The instructor should be satisfied that the student is well prepared and understands the task before starting. Regardless of how well a skill is taught, there may still be performance deficiencies. because our cruise altitude was 8000 feet, and we were accustomed to conversation The flight instructor must use good judgment when communicating with a solo student. After reaching his destination, the pilot did not request refueling. Students need to know not only what they will learn, but also how they will learn itthat is, how the lesson will proceed and how they will be evaluated. The pilot lost directional control during landing and swerved off the runway into the grass. Was the student uncomfortable or tired during the flight? -- possibly even an accident. However, at a minimum, the instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been completed, FAA inspectors and DPEs rely on flight instructor recommendations as evidence of qualification for certification, and proof that a review has been given of the subject areas found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test. To fully achieve the demonstrated benefits of this type of training, the use of visual and instrument references must be constantly integrated throughout the training. ( Click here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100 .) [Figure 8-9] For example, if a student has an easy time with flight training and seems to understand things very quickly, there may be a potential for that student to have a "macho" hazardous attitude. What is a 'sterile cockpit'. Risk management is a decision-making process designed to systematically identify hazards, assess the degree of risk, and determine the best course of action associated with each flight. A good time to establish the desire Use coordinated aileron and rudder control pressures. If a recovery is necessary, there is absolutely nothing to be gained by having the student on the controls and having to fight for control of the aircraft. Onset of this condition may be recognized by the symptoms of dehydration, but also has been known to be recognized only by complete collapse. students should be able to identify their own skills and knowledge, aeronautical charts, ATC, flight service, and navigation equipment as some of the resources that can be used in this situation, Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks to avoid work overload. She also contacts the nearest AFSS to amend her flight plan and check weather conditions at the new destination. to know you" sort of chat. It has everything to do with a pure mental environment. In this case, the students knowledge of the aircraft, the POH, an instructor or other experienced pilot, or an AMT can be a resource which may help define the problem, During cross-country training, students may be asked to consider the following situation. The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, During the students first solo flight, the instructor must be present to assist in answering questions or resolving any issues that arise during the flight. It is important that students be given an opportunity to perform the skill as soon as possible after a demonstration, Then, the instructor reviews what has been covered during the instructional flight and determines to what extent the student has met the objectives outlined during the preflight discussion. As she proceeds to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight, It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has the good judgment to be a safe pilot. The importance of teaching students effective ADM skills can not be overemphasized. not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the In the process of explaining the maneuver as the instructor performs it, perceptions begin to develop into insights. on an instrument approach to Runway 04 when it crashed into high terrain The demonstration-performance method is divided into four phases: explanation, demonstration, student performance with instructor supervision, and evaluation. and when the going is busy, complex, and one has multiple very ill or potentially very ill patients to care for, then one form of "sterile cockpit" is a very serious consideration, i think. Once an emergency is declared, air traffic control (ATC) gives the pilot priority handling. It is neither appropriate nor effective for instructors to try to impress students with their expertise by using language that is unnecessarily complicated. For example, in the event of an engine fire, the pilot initiates an emergency descent. When an instructor is teaching a maneuver to a student, the instructor normally demonstrates the maneuver first, then has the student follow along on the controls during a demonstration and, finally, the student performs the maneuver with the instructor following along on the controls. accidents. The causes of stress for a pilot can range from unexpected weather or mechanical problems while in flight to personal issues unrelated to flying. Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. Situational awareness is the accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety before, during, and after the flight. FAR 121.542 The actions to be taken in each of these circumstances would be significantly different. Duties such as company required calls made for non-safety an airport. The intentional practice of stalls and spins seldom resulted in an accident. This can be accomplished by frequently reviewing flight information publications, such as 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), as well as by pursuing additional training, A thorough understanding of all the equipment and systems in the aircraft is necessary to fully utilize all resources. procedures for this, such as a "10,000 foot PA announcement," or a This is particularly true of modern, complex, or high-performance aircraft, which are responsive to the use of correct operating airspeeds, The use of correct power settings and climb speeds and the accurate control of headings during climbs result in a measurable increase in climb performance. A student who is airsick or bothered with incipient airsickness is incapable of learning at a normal rate. This is by far the most important flight instructor responsibility. to maintain a sterile cockpit environment is before beginning a trip. Nowhere does Webster's define "sight-seeing" Okay?". This reporter, a commuter pilot who Traditional assessment depends on a grading scale of "excellent, good, fair, poor" or "exceeds standards, meets standards, needs more training" which often meets the instructors needs but not the needs of the student, With the advent of SBT, collaborative assessment is used whenever the student has completed a scenario. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. To determine the severity of the problem, she calculates a new groundspeed and reassesses fuel requirements, After the problem has been identified, the pilot evaluates the need to react to it and determines the actions that may be taken to resolve the situation in the time available. The instructor must be alert and ensure the students understand the objectives of each step of their training, and that they know at the completion of each lesson exactly how well they have progressed and what deficiencies are apparent. As experience is gained, a pilot learns to recognize future workload requirements and can prepare for high workload periods during times of low workload. In military transport operations, a similar philosophy is applied from "combat entry" to "combat exit". Maintain coordinated flight by applying rudder in the direction of the turn, Remember, the ailerons control the roll rate, as well as the angle of bank. In 1981 When a flight crew's Instructors should also take care to clearly describe the actions students are expected to perform. Passengers are told to shut up and any conversation or activity not related to the takeoff or landing is not permitted while the aircraft is taking off, landing or involved in any "critical phase" of flight. Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations The goal of system safety is for pilots to utilize all four concepts (ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM) so that risk can be reduced to the lowest possible level, ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances. However, even when such authority is delegated, the student must be provided an . (c) For the purposes of this How can a flight instructor ensure the safety of flight training activities, and also train clients to operate their aircraft safely after they leave the relatively protected flight training environment? After a series surprised when they lined up with the wrong runway -- and doubly surprised when This is also true with the flight proficiency endorsement that is placed in the applicants logbook or training record (Advisory Circular (AC) 61-65). Traffic pattern congestion, change in active runway, or unexpected crosswinds are challenges the student masters individually before being able to perform them collectively, SBT lends itself well to visualization techniques. This practice should continue throughout the flight instruction for all maneuvers. According to NTSB accident data, inflight encounters with weather (attempting VFR flight into IMC) is one of the most lethal types of GA flying, Integrated flight instruction begins with the first briefing on the function of the flight controls.