How Did Luis Fernando Escobar Die, Middlesex County Fire Pit Regulations, Air Force Public Health Officer Deployment, Articles T

In the Soloist, he exhibits which kind of symptoms. other information we have about you. People with schizophrenia are fifty times as likely to commit suicide compared to a healthy individual. Schizophrenic-specific quirk #2: They perform worse across the board cognitively. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? The psychological complexities crystallize and we see that within a hornet's nest of deficits and distress lie a core of idiosyncratic strengths and undeniable beauty. Diagnosis of schizophrenia involves ruling out other mental health disorders and determining that symptoms are not due to substance abuse, medication or a medical condition. In America, schizophrenia affects one percent of the population from any gender, race, and cultural group. The Soloist: The Paranoid Schizophrenic. Forensic and Clinical Private Practice/Website, Research Shows Why Attractive People Are More Narcissistic, 7 Ticking Time Bombs That Destroy Loving Relationships, The Single Best (and Hardest) Thing to Give Up, 3 Ways to Reclaim Your Hope and Happiness. Steve Lopez (left, played by Robert Downey Jr.) and Nathaniel Ayers (Jamie Foxx) develop a unique friendship in the movie, The Soloist. The neurophysiology of schizophrenia: Current update and future directions. Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that is most commonly associated with delusion and hallucinations. While psychosis is often one of the symptoms of schizophrenia, an individual can experience a psychotic episode without ever being diagnosed with schizophrenia. The latter symptoms include avolition, alogia, affective flattening and asociality (MHA, 2014). ", She was also addicted to cocaine. I'm thinking that this movie may be useful. But those statistics are for people who receive treatment. The Soloist has all the elements of an uplifting drama, except for the uplift. So it often falls to family or friends to get them help. The symptoms of schizophrenia are usually classified into: positive symptoms - any change in behaviour or thoughts, such as hallucinations or delusions negative symptoms - where people appear to withdraw from the world around then, take no interest in everyday social interactions, and often appear emotionless and flat Hallucinations Partnering could have solved the medication compliance issueall Mr. Lopez needed to do was find common ground and say, for instance, "The hallucinations seem to disrupt your ability to play musicyour favorite thing in life. Someone that has schizophrenia may have difficulty distinguishing between reality and imaginary. The rest of the movie takes us on Nathaniel's journey of gaining notoriety and being given the chance to play at the Walt Disney Music Hall. Flashbacks to Ayers' childhood reveal that he developed schizophrenia at an adolescent age. This is not ADHD, a drug-induced haze or mental retardation. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Search for other works by this author on: 2013 College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists, Erica A. K. Davis, PharmD, BCPS, BCPP, Amy VandenBerg, PharmD, BCPP, Jake Schechter, DNP, PMHNP-BC, RN, Geoffrey W. Brown, PharmD, Maria Janda, PharmD, M. Thomas Bateman, PharmD, BCACP, Caitlin McCarthy, PharmD, BCPP, Katherine M. Prioli, MS, Mary L. Wagner, MS, PharmD, Kathryn Collins, PharmD, MSPH, Julie A. Dopheide, PharmD, BCPP, FASHP, Mengxi Wang, MPH, Talene Keshishian, MD, Kaitlyn Morgan, PharmD, BCPP, Leah Rickert, PharmD, BCPP, This site uses cookies. The other plotline is the burgeoning friendship between Nathaniel and Mr. Lopez. Describe some of the signs and symptoms of untreated schizophrenia that Nathaniel experiences. What does Jamie Foxx have in the soloist? Other psychological variables dictate the type one exhibits - for instance, if you have high intelligence then you'll be paranoid. Symptoms may include: Delusions. The biogenetic model focuses on combining two previous models, genetic and biological, into one coherent framework (Angermeyer et al 152). people with schizophrenia sometimes have trouble . information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with All of these are clearly present for greater than six months. However, when people are experiencing symptoms, they may have little or no insight that their thoughts or behaviors are strange. Definition. It affects over 2 million people in this country and about 15% of them are either on the streets or in prison. They become acquainted and nevertheless inseparable as their unique relationship begins to develop. To another point, one does not catch schizophrenia like the flu and, indeed, Nathaniel does not wake up one morning with the sniffles and a bad case of schizophrenia. That was the reason for those columns. "All he cares about is the moment and the music," he says. Someone that has schizophrenia may have difficulty distinguishing between reality and imaginary. Compared with schizophrenia symptoms in adults, teens may be: People with schizophrenia often lack awareness that their difficulties stem from a mental disorder that requires medical attention. Mental Health Nursing Film Review Mental Health Nursing Film Review Analysis "The Soloist" "The Soloist", which is the title of the movie is a British American Drama Film based on a True story of Nathaniel Ayers, a musician who developed schizophrenia and became homeless. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which Upon reading the papers, Nathaniel becomes upset and violent, fearing commitment to a psychiatric hospital, and threatens to kill Steve if he ever sees him again. In the film, Ayers (played by Jamie Foxx) looks at the statue with awe. grantss. Researchers are uncertain about the causes of schizophrenia. What were Nathaniels symptoms in The Soloist? Ayers is both terrified and hesitant as the voices become seemingly impossible to ignore. Take Shelter. Schizophrenia is generally divided according to symptom types. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. Downtown is quite safe, except for the Skid Row neighborhood to the east of Main Street. Schizophrenic-specific quirk #1. Some 42% of patients tend to have their symptoms progressively disappear, 35% have an intermediate outcome, and 27% do poorly. The combination of these two models created an effective holistic model that did help reduce the stigma. On a recent NPR interview, the real-life Mr. Lopez expressed his hope that Nathaniel, who continues to resist medication, might one day reconsider. Listening could have solved the apartment issueall Mr. Lopez needed to do was assure Nathaniel that the apartment would not cut out the city noise. Schizophrenia is defined as a syndrome and a psychotic disorder with a number of impairment in character tics of reality, disturbance of perception and thought experienced as hallucinations, delusions, hearing voices, seeing things that are not there, and paranoia that last more than six months. For people with mental health problems. Mr. Lopez, as portrayed in the film, would have been wise to read it. Years of pushing his belongings in a shopping cart and sleeping among rats apparently hasnt stopped Ayers from retaining a love of music that began when he was a teenager in Ohio and continued when he enrolled as a double-bass student at the Juilliard School in the 1970s. If the average person, for example, enters a restaurant and spots a schizophrenic, conventional wisdom might guide his/her subconscious to say, "Hmmm, there's at least a decent chance this guy might do something odd like snort eggs through his nose and, hmmm, he might even try something scary like grabbing little Johnny". The Soloist is a 2009 drama film directed by Joe Wright, and starring Jamie Foxx and Robert Downey Jr. Old Medication, New Use: Can Prazosin Curb Drinking? Although recent films have taken a turn for the more positive and realistic (think the soft-spoken genius in A Beautiful Mind), the bad rap continues. Soon, millions of people will have watched this cinematic, pseudo case study and for many this experience will constitute the core of what they know about the disorder. https://www.nami.org/learn-more/mental-health-conditions/schizophrenia. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. I'm wondering if, from your experiences and expertise, you can share your insights on the authenticity of the movie, especially regarding the relationship between Ayers and Lopez and the mental illness symptoms of many of the homeless people depicted in the film. It measures the overall severity of the illness and the degree of change over time. No one has all of them all of the time. In 2008, Lopez joined Fresh Air to describe his friendship with Ayers. DeGuerra came to LAMP because he is homeless and bipolar. And he is homeless. He's wearing a ratty blue sweater with a light brown T-shirt over it and the collar of a shirt spilling out over the top of it all. Copyright not mine. People with schizophrenia may experience: delusions. According to Ford-Martin, Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder or group of disorders marked by disturbances in thinking, emotional responsiveness, and behavior (2139). Almost immediately, Lopez believes he has found his story, and Ayers believes he has found a friend. As soon as we started talking, she nailed me. He also exhibits homelessness and has poor hygiene. While researchers aren't certain about the significance of these changes, they indicate that schizophrenia is a brain disease. Nathaniel Ayers arrives at the premiere of The Soloist, the movie inspired by his life. His lack of sleep lead to chemical imbalances in his physiology; specifically neurotransmitter disruption which led him to develop. I bought him a number of instruments: a trumpet, a French horn, a clarinet, a viola.". privacy practices. Consequently, when major motion pictures that spotlight schizophrenics enter theaters separating fact from fiction becomes a civic duty. Can Humans Detect Text by AI Chatbot GPT? Schizophrenia (adult). This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. The bipolar illness causes, Schizophrenia is an ominous word often associated with psychosis, delusions, as well as paranoia. His estranged sister assumes he is dead. In the movie The Soloist (Foster, Krasnoff, & Wright, 2009), Nathaniel Ayers is a middle aged, African-American male who is homeless and displaying characteristics of schizophrenia. . When he isn't angrily diving into oncoming traffic to pick up charred cigarette butts, he wanders homelessly among the predators and drug addicts of Skid Row, Los Angeles. If we combine this information with your protected RUNNING HEAD: The Soloist. Problems with certain naturally occurring brain chemicals, including neurotransmitters called dopamine and glutamate, may contribute to schizophrenia. The soloist schizophrenia analysis. Lack of motivation. Hallucinations can have a range of symptoms, depending on the type, including: Feeling sensations in the body (such as a crawling feeling on the skin or movement) Hearing sounds (such as music, footsteps, or banging of doors) Hearing voices (can include positive or negative voices, such as a voice commanding you to harm yourself or others . In the movie "The Soloist" (2009), actor Jamie Foxx played at character name Nathaniel Ayers who was a . Schizophrenia is defined as a serious mental illness characterized by incoherent or illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior, speech, and delusions or hallucinations, such as hearing voices. People with schizophrenia often experience the following: Feeling suspicious, paranoid or afraid frequently. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include affective flattening and alogia and avolition. Fiction #1: Schizophrenics are dangerous. He now has a roof to live under and a studio apartment to practice his music. The Symptoms of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia disrupts a person's cognition and emotion, influencing basic human features: language, thought and perception. This kind of mental disorder is quite hard to differentiate between a fantasy or reality since it is associated with a variety of symptoms. Outlined below are some initial thoughts. When asked by Steve if he likes Stevie Wonder (which is written on his visor and shirt), Nathaniel begins to express tangential thoughts with rapid speech and is difficult to interrupt. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. include protected health information. . The Soloist. Next, in order for a fair and complex portrayal to unfold, we must like Nathaniel. Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia can experience symptoms. Some symptoms may always be present. Suicidal thoughts and behavior are common among people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a serious disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels and acts. National Institute of Mental Health. Of course, she was right. Movie presentation: The Soloist In conclusion The movie The Soloist provides a good visual example of a person who living with Schizophrenia. hide caption. Combine the fact that all psychiatrically diagnosed individuals are stigmatized to some degree with the fact that the strangest subgroup, schizophrenics, wears their disorder visibly on their sleeve and you've got the makings of a serious public relations problem. Accessed Sept. 5, 2019. The five key symptoms of schizophrenia remained the same: delusions hallucinations disorganized speech disorganized or catatonic behavior negative symptoms (not expressing any feelings or. Some of the symptoms can overlap. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder often characterized by abnormal social behavior, and failure to recognize what is real. Looking into the movie it is very evident that Ayyers was having auditory hallucinations which is indeed the most prominent and common hallucination in Schizophrenia. On the one hand, his life is an emotional roller-coaster ruled by a pervasive sense of disorganization. Schizophrenia involves a range of problems with thinking (cognition), behavior and emotions. Such reconsideration can flourish with a conversation between two trusting friends about what's in it for Nathaniel. "I feel like a jilted lover and I want to say, 'Don't you love me anymore?'". (Optional message may have a maximum of 1000 characters.). Explains that medication, therapy, and support are three important steps to helping someone succeed in not letting schizophrenia bother them. Many of the seriously mentally ill are roaming the streets. Fact: Schizophrenics are rarely as violent as people think. Neuroimaging studies show differences in the brain structure and central nervous system of people with schizophrenia. Not caring about their hygiene and appearance. And since it is statistically improbable and socially unusual for a schizophrenic to be your neighbor or friend, respectively, the image of the schizophrenic is predominately constructed through movies, television shows and books. This may be done to help rule out other problems that could be causing symptoms and to check . "He knows my name and he usually has my name on the wall in his little corner over there.". Nathaniel Ayers, the nominal protagonist of The Soloist, is the latest in a long line of real-life prodigies enshrined on film. David Schaich teaches an effective response to schizophrenic behavior that involves listening, empathy, agreement, and partnering. Schizophrenia is a mental health disorder. The Soloist, based on a true story, tells how Los Angeles Times columnist Steve Lopez, played by Robert Downey Jr., discovered the homeless Ayers and helped the former music prodigy, who has schizophrenia. The hallucinations and delusions that you saw may be the most dramatic symptom of schizophrenia but far from the only ones. The story begins featuring Lopez at his job frustrated with a dose of writer's block. Lopez has made a dramatic impact in the homeless mans life. "I will not romanticize it," Lopez says. Los Angeles Times columnist Steve Lopez says hell never forget the night that he slept on Skid Row with Nathaniel Ayers, a former Juilliard double bassist that became homeless after experiencing a mental breakdown and schizophrenia. Common symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, and auditory hallucinations. The man turned out to be Nathaniel Ayers, once a promising cellist who dropped out of the Juilliard School of Music in the 1970s after developing schizophrenia. A Beautiful Mind allows some insight into what this disorder entails and what it may be like to live with the diagnosis, as it accurately represents various symptoms and treatments. Anderson looks radiant as she leaves court, knowing how far she's come. I discovered this as a brand-new psychologist in 1969 when my first patient, Norma, shuffled into my office for the first independent psychotherapy session of my career. Despite Nathaniel's opposition to getting an apartment at Lamp, perhaps due to his Juilliard experience, he does so to receive cello lessons from a member of the LA Philharmonic. - Ayers at an early age loved to play the cello. Sadly, suicide accounts for the other 10%. She claims that while some need medication to survive, others dont respond well to a push and would be better served by a Village or Lamp model. The movies soloist was depicted very nicely highlighting the most prominent symptoms of schizophrenia and its effects to the victim. It is revealed in the end, that Ayers is still a member of the LAMP (Language Acquisition Through Motor Planning) Community (a homeless service network in LA) and Lopez is learning how to play the guitar. What does lamp stand for in the movie The Soloist? 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved There is also the constant paranoia from the carer of the schizophrenic of not being able to fully help them with their condition, Schizophrenia is a disorder which is severe and chronic and disables the brain. This movie is also based on the true story of Nathaniel Ayers, so I feel that helped immensely in portraying the condition in real life, outside of the pages of a textbook. Forensic and Clinical Private Practice/Website, Research Shows Why Attractive People Are More Narcissistic, 7 Ticking Time Bombs That Destroy Loving Relationships, The Single Best (and Hardest) Thing to Give Up, 3 Ways to Reclaim Your Hope and Happiness. There is no right or wrong, and there are no absolutes when it comes to treatment. Ayers's symptoms include the. A survey in Los Angeles County found that at least half of the homeless say they suffer from a mental illness and at least 40 percent acknowledge an addiction to drugs or alcohol. Naomi Haskell aided her 19-year old son and his struggle with schizophrenia by driving him everywhere, buying him his own apartment, and helping to make sure he was fine. These are classic positive symptoms of the paranoid schizophrenic, which are heavily supported by DSM-IV. Poor eye contact. Almost 15 years later, Nathaniel lives in a locked mental rehab facility, and the rest of us live at the center of an epic collapse of care and a failure of leadership. Actually, Lopez insists that he's gotten more out of this friendship than Ayers has. Loose association is "rapidly shifting from one subject to another, believing that the incoherent statements makes sense" (Comer . The film is set in Los Angeles, California where an L.A. Times writer, Steve Lopez, has his life changed forever. American Psychiatric Publishing; 2019. I was 23 years old at the time! He's become a well known figure to other LAMP residents, such as Joseph DeGuerra. A Beautiful Mind, The Soloist and The Fisher King) and its wide recognition in popular culture, schizophrenia is a fairly rare disease, affecting less than one percent . amount of time (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p.99). Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. She told me in her own confused way that I had no idea what I was doing and that I was making it up! One day, he hears a violin being played beautifully. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Despite his violin only having two strings, he plays one of Beethoven's pieces effortlessly. Unfortunately, the city has decided to allow encampments to spread throughout the city. Schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. American Psychiatric Association. But that's rare. The Soloist tackles the themes of homelessness and mental illness, as well as the healing power of music. I say this as someone who lived a decade in downtown. His love and talent for music therefore became both a gift and a curse. This mindset reduced the amount of blame that the public placed on the diagnosed for their condition; however, at the same it increased their fear of them. Fiction #2: Schizophrenia afflicts people mysteriously, without warning or understanding. These are new and unnerving. Already within the first few scenes, this movie accurately portrays behaviors that may characterize an individual with schizophrenia. The movie weaves back and forth between present day and Nathaniel's young adulthood to portray the onset of his disease, including the prodrome and first psychotic break. What happened to Nathaniel Anthony Ayers Jr? Public perception is an important thing, especially when it comes to mental illness. Ayers experiences severe delusions and hallucinations. Fact: Tentatively, the cause is believed to be an interaction of genes and prenatal stress, meaning, a schizophrenic mother who catches the flu in the second trimester. Schak KM (expert opinion). Comprehensive review: Computational modeling of schizophrenia. The main reason was due to his trouble sleeping which was evident when he goes to see a doctor and begs him for some medication that would allow him to get some sleep. It's there, it's ugly, and sometimes turns him into a very nasty, offensive guy. With schizophrenia, the symptoms cause a chain reaction, that exacerbates a situation. A Beautiful Mind, starring Russel Crowe as John Nash, is a phenomenal portrayal of one of the most mysterious and complicated mental disorders known to the world of psychology: schizophrenia. Psychotic means out of touch with reality or unable to separate real from unreal experiences. If your loved one poses a danger to self or others or can't provide his or her own food, clothing, or shelter, you may need to call 911 or other emergency responders for help so that your loved one can be evaluated by a mental health professional. . He bulldozes over Nathaniel's paranoid refusal to live in an apartment with chants of "you can do it;" he ponders deceptive ways of forcing Nathanial onto psychiatric medications; he does not discuss openly with Nathaniel a legal document that diagnoses him as a schizophrenic. Ayers pulled two sticks out of his shopping cart full of personal items that night. They are left to the care of public institutions that are overburdened, underfunded and unable to effectively meet the needs of those who need their services most. When Nathaniel Ayers was first introduced in The Soloist (2009), one of his symptoms of Schizophrenia was evident: loose association. Throughout the film, Nathaniel's break from reality is observed along with some major symptoms of the disorder. It is most commonly described as a psychosis which is a type of illness that causes mental disturbances that affect thoughts, emotions, and actions. Although there is no such thing as an absolute cure, Shaner is correct about a Lamp model. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Some common symptoms of schizophrenia include psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behavior, lack of emotion, reduced and disorganized speech, and memory problems. Chase deplores the psychoanalytic approach to Jim's illness, insisting that the mind is "nothing but an aspect of the brain's physiological activity.". Naomi starts to cry. Accessed Sept. 5, 2019. Psychosis is a group of symptoms. "It's peace for him, it's sanity, he's home. This is not ADHD, a drug-induced haze or mental retardation. During The Soloist, Nathanial experienced hallucinations and delusions. They may have difficulty expressing normal emotions in social situations and may be unresponsive or withdrawn. These beliefs cannot be explained by the patient's philosophy, cultural background, and religion. --Schizophrenia was first identified more than a century . Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia? All rights reserved. ", Readers were so moved by Ayers' story, they sent Lopez replacements for that two-stringed violin. information submitted for this request. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. The Soloist Summary 2022-11-23. The movie The Soloist is the story of a gifted musician named Nathaniel Ayers whose mental illness drove him from the halls of The Juilliard School in New York to the streets of Los Angeles.. Clinical Global Impression Schizophrenia (CGI-SCH): Developed to examine the effectiveness of antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia, the CGI-SCH scale is a brief assessment tool used to evaluate positive, negative, depressive, cognitive, and global symptoms. Every year there are hundreds of thousands of individuals with mental illness who are arrested. PSY-215 5-1 More often than not, the media misrepresents schizophrenia and DID, often referring to those with multiple identities as "schizophrenic." What are some examples that you can think of from the media (e.g., movies, TV shows, books) in which schizophrenia and/or DID is portrayed? There is much still unknown about schizophrenia, but there is also a lot that is known.A fair and realistic portrayal involves two steps: debunking popular myths and flushing out the realistic personality features and idiosyncrasies. How Psychologically Conditioned Rats Are Defusing Landmines, The Innate Intelligence Observed in the Dying Process. 20 years later I was working with a 20-year-old girl who was suffering with depression and an eating disorder. Our brains automatically oversimplify, categorize, and prejudge, hence, the filmmaker must use creativity to trick us into being unassuming and unbiased. He is on the lookout for new story ideas when he stumbles across Nathaniel Ayers, a homeless man with extraordinary musical talents. At the one-hour mark, the film boldly moves into rarefied cinematic territory and offers a close-up of Nathaniel's inner-workings. Leung, JG (expert opinion). And that is not the case with many people who have schizophrenia or other major mental illnesses. National Alliance on Mental Illness. He is strange and inward from birth, choosing to live in the basement and always within close proximity to his musical instruments. Analysis Of Nathaniel Ayers Symptoms Of Schizophrenia 592 Words | 3 Pages. 5. Saks had inadequate care as a child when her symptoms first began appearing, and being transferred through countries following school, and being passed from doctor to doctor. Moreover, alcoholics and the uninhibited crowd, namely anti-social personality disordered individuals, exhibit a far higher degree of violent behavior. In addition, researchers hope that learning more about risk factors for schizophrenia may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment. hide caption. It is a particularly expensive illness due to its severity, reportedly costing the U.S. around $62.7 billion in 2002, with unemployment the most significant factor causing this staggering figure (Wu et al., 2005). The Soloist is a 2009 American film based on the true story of Nathaniel Ayers, a Juilliard musical prodigy who has schizophrenia. How Psychologically Conditioned Rats Are Defusing Landmines, The Innate Intelligence Observed in the Dying Process. Nathaniel Ayers arrives at the premiere of The Soloist, the movie inspired by his life. The serious mental illness regarding this chapter would include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and severe depression. Therefore, he pushes for Ayers to get psychiatric help, and Ayers is finally able to find level ground with his schizophrenia. A person affected by schizophrenia is not the only one with paranoia. One percent of the general population has schizophrenia and that's, well, a lot of people. Sometimes, caring and loving companionship from a friend is all you need to get through even the toughest. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia represent additional behaviors not generally seen in people without the condition. For World Schizophrenia & Psychosis Awareness Day, BC Schizophrenia Society hosted "Schizophrenia Revealed: The Untold Stories of Schizophrenia.". Schizophrenia is where the individual has hallucinations, delusion, and severe disorganization. ", Being friends with Ayers still is not easy, says Lopez, but "it's been all the more rewarding because of the challenges.". They met by chance four years ago on a downtown sidewalk near Pershing Square. People with schizophrenia have several types of symptoms: Hallucinations. AskMayoExpert. American Psychiatric Association; 2013. https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org.