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Posted: (2 days ago) Those following a gluten-free diet can benefit from becoming fans of Nestle Toll House, because a number of their baking products are gluten-free, including the semi-sweet morsels and the peanut butter and milk chocolate morsels 1. Around 1760, Alessandros teacher, the Jesuit Father Girolamo Bonesi, a philosophy professor, tried in vain to persuade him to follow the priesthood. Description above from the Wikipedia article Alessandro Volta, licensed under CC-BY-SA, full list of contributors on Wikipedia. He realized that the best pair of dissimilar metals to produce electricity was silver (or copper) and zinc. Melting butterscotch chips takes care, because, like chocolate, the chips can burn if mishandled. Great recipe! He only managed to talk when he was four years old. In late 2017, Nvidia announced a new workstation-focused GPU microarchitecture called Volta. 028000217303. The native house of Volta in Como, Via Alessandro Volta Como 62. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Volta received a medal in 1801 when napoleon Bonaparte invited him into his palace so that he may explain his inventions. Page views of Alessandro Voltas by language. IvyPanda. student. In 1774, Volta started teaching as superintendent of public schools in Como. At the University History Museum of the University of Pavia there are 150 of them, used by Alessandro Volta.[14][15]. This was a stack of copper and zinc plates, separated by brine-soaked paper disks, that would produce a gentle current for a substantial size of time. On the day after his birth, 19 February 1745, Alessandro was baptized in the nearby Provostal church of San Donnino (see below his birth record in the church register). Castiel says. In 1774, he became a professor of physics at the Royal School in Como. Ramon Verea Complete Biography, History and Inventions: In spite of a background in literature and philosophy, his mind was taken with scientific concepts. His family had a noble character, which made it easier for him to receive an education from an early age. Since 1789 he had a long love affair with a famous singer, Marianna Paris, but his family, and the emperor himself, did not allow the marriage, because the profession of singer was not of good repute. History of the internal combustion engine. }rF%RF8kIX $UyU}9o'9=\ O'7e With this invention Volta proved that electricity could be generated chemically and debunked the prevalent theory that electricity was generated solely by living beings. Alessandro Volta is said to have been one of the greatest and most brilliant experimenters of his time. Alessandro spent most of his first years in the nearby town of Brunate, in the house of the artisan Ludovico Monti, a barometer builder. He invented the voltaic pile in 1799, and reported the results of his experiments in 1800 in a two-part letter to the president of the Royal Society. The Jesuit Father Girolamo Bonesi and his pupil Alessandro Volta in late 1750s (a painting, attributed to the Austrian-Italian painter Martin Knoller, 1725-1804). fr:Alessandro Volta A short Biography on world Famous Scientists and Their Inventions. Quantity . I absolutely love butterscotch flavor things. Among the scientists to prove the discoveries and make further advancements on the chemical theory was Michael Faraday an English physists (Anon, 2010). Volta was born into a noble family in Como Italy on February 18 1785. sv:Alessandro Volta, Categories: 1745 births | 1827 deaths | Italian physicists | History of neuroscience | Natives of Como, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, https://academickids.com:443/encyclopedia/index.php/Alessandro_Volta. These artificially flavored butterscotch chips for baking are easy to toss into dessert mixes and batters. June 2, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/alessandro-volta-biography-and-contributions/. When each of the metals was placed in contact with a metal just below it in the series, it became positively charged. This is called Volta's Law of Capacitance, and for this work the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt. Angela C. Jackson, MI. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Then, select Pickup or Delivery before checking out. They didn't have an expiration date, so I was wondering if they would still be o.k. On the right of the main door of the house number lies the tombstone with the inscription: This was the ancestral home of Alessandro Volta. There he befriended H. B. de Saussure. However, having finished the Seminary, Volta decided to drop formal studies and he became interested in the electricity. Among the earliest documented works of Volta was the dissertation on electricity, which he presented in 1769. Volta showed how a spark of electricity can be used light a gas which is inside an enclosed container. However, one of his sons, the second, died at only 18 years; this greatly saddened Volta. (2010). The chemical reactions in this voltaic cell are as follows: Copper metal does not react, but rather it functions as a catalyst for the hydrogen-gas formation and an electrode for the electric current. nl:Alessandro Volta [26] Because he was not ordained a clergyman as his family expected, he was sometimes accused of being irreligious and some people have speculated about his possible unbelief, stressing that "he did not join the Church",[27] or that he virtually "ignored the church's call". https://ivypanda.com/essays/alessandro-volta-biography-and-contributions/, IvyPanda. His family was part of the Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Despite his professional success, Volta tended to be a person inclined towards domestic life and this was more apparent in his later years. Volta's invention sparked a great amount of scientific excitement and led others to conduct similar experiments, which eventually led to the development of the field of electrochemistry. The experiment made Volta to propose the creation of an electromotive series. He devised experiments such as the ignition of methane by an electric spark in a closed vessel. State Facts. His mother, Donna Maddalena, came from the family of the Inzaghis. Learn more about us & read our affiliate disclosure. In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by Galvani, Volta invented the voltaic pile, an early electric battery, which produced a steady electric current. He spent the first years of his life in Brunate, in the house of hr:Alessandro Volta In 1777, he traveled to Switzerland and France on a scientific expedition. In 1794, Volta married an aristocratic lady also from Como, Teresa Peregrini, with whom he raised three sons: Zanino, Flaminio, and Luigi. Read more on Wikipedia. Alessandro Volta retired in 1819 to his estate in Camnago, Lombardy, Italy (now called Camnago Volta). Nestle Toll House morsels are also delicious to snack on or use as a dessert topping. During this time, Volta devised many chemical experiments. Volta carried out his experimental studies and produced his first inventions near Como. (The number of cells, and thus the voltage it could produce, was limited by the pressure, exerted by the upper cells, that would squeeze all of the brine out of the cardboard of the bottom cell.). The chemical reactions in this voltaic cell are as follows: Copper metal does not react, but rather it functions as a catalyst for the hydrogen-gas formation and an electrode for the electric current. He is full of ideas and a raisonneur without peer. According to the ingredients list on the package, Nestle Toll House Butterscotch Chips contain barley protein, a source of gluten, and is therefore not gluten-free 1 3. In difficult times, his To help you identify gluten-free products, Nestle provides a list of its gluten-free products. Nevertheless, he cast out doubts in a declaration of faith in which he said: I do not understand how anyone can doubt the sincerity and constancy of my attachment to the religion which I profess, the Roman, Catholic and Apostolic religion in which I was born and brought up, and of which I have always made confession, externally and internally. 99 (13.20/kg) 36.99 36.99. Florida. Objectifs quotidiens. He also understood that the frog's legs were irrelevant to the electric current, which was caused by the two differing metals. Morsels & More mixed in and baked Photo: Aimee Levitt. 100 % 8g Lipides. 32.99 32. It contains thousands of paper examples on a wide variety of topics, all donated by helpful students. The birth record of Alessandro Volta preserved in the church of San Donnino in Como. When Volta was twenty-nine years old he became a physics professor at the Royal School in Como, Italy. May this confession which has been asked from me and which I willingly give, written and subscribed by my own hand, with authority to show it to whomsoever you will, for I am not ashamed of the Gospel, may it produce some good fruit! It . Please sign in or create an account. 100 % 18g Glucides. This makes the zinc rod the negative electrode and the copper rod the positive electrode. IvyPanda. "Volta, Alessandro":. He replaced the frog's leg with brine-soaked paper, and detected the flow of electricity by other means familiar to him from his previous studies.In this way he discovered the electrochemical series, and the law that the electromotive force (emf) of a galvanic cell, consisting of a pair of metal electrodes separated by electrolyte, is the difference between their two electrode potentials (thus, two identical electrodes and a common electrolyte give zero net emf). Voltas uncles who controlled his education decided that he should study law; however, Voltas fascination with natural sciences made them change their mind and allowed him to study physics and chemistry. He also saw other famous scientists around this time. Volt proposed that most electronic effects could be explained by only one force, the force of attraction. Todays recipe would not be possible without the assistance of one of my lovely readers, Janet Ligas. Alessandros childhood was rather worrying and he learned to speak so late, that his parents even feared that he was born dumb. Also, the power of the cell diminishes over time because the hydrogen gas is not released. He had many instruments along; he unpacked them for me, and during his stay here I kept them in my own quarters. In 1782, he traveled through France, Germany, England, and the Netherlands, thus the acquaintance with the scientific celebrities broadened his knowledge on many scientific ideas (Anon, 2010). In 1794, Volta married an aristocratic lady also from Como, Teresa Peregrini, with whom he raised three sons: Zanino, Flaminio, and Luigi. His father, Filippo Volta, was of noble lineage. He spent the first years of his life in Brunate, in the house of artisan Ludovico Monti, manufacturer of barometers. Beat butter, granulated sugar, brown sugar, eggs and vanilla extract in large mixer bowl. 1 1/4 cup Nestl Butterscotch Morsels; 2 Eggs; 1 1/4 cup Nestl Semi-Sweet Morsels; 1/2 cup Canola Oil or Vegetable Oil; Instructions. Nestle's Nestle's - Butterscotch Chips. In 1779, Volt was appointed a professor at the University of Pavia, a position he held for the next 25 year. In the years between 1776 and 1778, Volta studied the chemistry of gases. Volta enjoyed a certain amount of closeness with the emperor throughout his life and he was conferred numerous honours by him. Cristbal Coln Lnea del tiempo. Alessandro Volta Biography: Alessandro Volta is one of the most famous Italian physicists who is highly regarded for his invention of the electric cell as well as the 1777 discovery of methane. If butterscotch morsels are not good quality, the chips might have a waxy mouth feel and a too-mild flavor, but when properly made, butterscotch can be a delicious addition to many cookie bar recipes. 1/25/21 7:44AM. Zinc metal, which is higher in the electrochemical series than both copper and hydrogen, is oxidized to zinc cations (Zn2+) and creates electrons that move to the copper electrode. In announcing his discovery of the voltaic pile, Volta paid tribute to the influences of William Nicholson, Tiberius Cavallo, and Abraham Bennet. At the University History Museum of the University of Pavia there are 150 of them, used by Alessandro Volta. professional specifically for you? 5 Answers. He died there on 5 March 1827, just after his 82nd birthday, and was buried in Camnago. The SI unit of electric potential is named in his honour as the volt. Alessandro Volta, born in Como, Italy, is best known for discovering current electricity and for developing the voltaic pile, which became an invaluable tool in Back Go to California. Achievement. 340g 6.65. Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (, Italian: [alessandro vlta]; 18 February 1745 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist and chemist who was a pioneer of electricity and power who is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane. Avances cientficos y tecnolgicos del siglo XVII y del siglo XVIII. He came up with methods to measure the so-called electrical tension , later named as the volt. Product Code: N2340 Category: Baking Chocolate Tags: Nestle, Toll-House. The electrolyte is either sulfuric acid mixed with water or a form of sal*er brine. electros, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/alessandro-volta, https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/volta-alessandro, https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/alessandro-volta, Sparks and Lightning: Electrical Theories from the "Electrician" Dufay to the Scientist Coulomb. Mxico de 1850 a 1900. We will write a custom Biography on Alessandro Volta, His Life and Contributions specifically for you for only $11.00 $9.35/page. Initially he experimented with individual cells in series, each cell being a wine goblet filled with brine into which the two dissimilar electrodes were dipped. 2. With this rather weak concept of an electrically charged body, Volta experimented extensively to study electrical induction. However, this cell also has some disadvantages. His promotion of it was so extensive that he is often credited with its invention, even though a machine operating on the same principle was described in 1762 by the Swedish experimenter Johan Wilcke. Corrosion Doctors. Nearby stands the Villa Olmo, which houses the Voltian Foundation, an organization promoting scientific activities. Use these baking chips as a sweet addition to oatmeal butterscotch cookies, or melt them for butterscotch flavored candy. Alessandro Volta came from a distinguished Lombard family, ennobled by the municipality of Como and almost extinguished at that time, through its service to the church. Volta enjoyed a certain amount of closeness with the emperor throughout his life and he was conferred numerous honours by him. Volta made the electric battery using copper, zinc and cardboard disks. The museum, named the Voltian Temple, exhibits the original instruments, which Volta used in his experiment. SKU. v'29ri+yN~}!y*S1yim4L6 k2qUmzuads;c oK)2IMVvF;G~ :D:z=wd/_c~/*Hf.](XcN ]}d-pmP7i4TO]8eM}d34JxY7y4O?;j[w?a >5;xamuS7j D5,RXkm{Z{e`B{|\wOk 6]w_7Y$< SKk1z=!o55t4hd;#D7 _?,H;B4"SU^|tz"e3:m -(dafF#o#{/Y[D$ E@8M1Rdud\'l a>YY In this faith I recognise a pure gift of God, a supernatural grace; but I have not neglected those human means which confirm belief, and overthrow the doubts which at times arise. Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (February 18, 1745 - March 5, 1827) was an Italian physicist known especially for the development of the electric battery. I will definitely use every holiday! His father, Filippo Volta, left him when he was just 7 years old. Volta held the chair of experimental physics at the University of Pavia for nearly 40 years and was widely idolised by his students. Maria Teresa Alonsa Peregrini, the wife of Alessandro Volta. (2022) 'Alessandro Volta, His Life and Contributions'. His native house is still preserved in the historic center of Como, Via Alessandro Volta 62 (see the image below). This cake is for you. Alessandro Volta was been recognized in numerous ways by fellow scientists after his death. Need a custom Biography sample written from scratch by 1 cup butterscotch chips; Instructions. Web. WebAlessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (, Italian: [alessandro vlta]; 18 February 1745 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist, chemist and lay Catholic who was a pioneer of 21 to 30 of 5548 for NESTLE BUTTERSCOTCH CHIPS Butterscotch or Caramel Topping Per 1 tbsp - Calories: 60kcal | Fat: 0.40g | Carbs: 15.44g | Protein: 0.04g Bag. Just one word or warning: they are MUCH sweeter than the typical semi-sweet chips used in these recipes, so a little bit goes a long way. (N.d). Interestingly, at the same age, he had caught up with other children and could do what they were capable of doing. (1911). This way, volt had not only proven that the metal rod and not the animal tissue was the source of electricity but he had also made the worlds first electric battery. Since 2007, the English Wikipedia page of Alessandro Volta has received more than 2,184,999 page views. Voltas inventions began soon after he became a professor at the Royal school in Como. Napoleon being a man who greatly admired scientific inventions and original works of his citizens, he not only bestowed upon Volta a medal but also put in a position of leadership by making him the senator of Lombardy. WebAlessandro Volta Biography. Alessandro Volta is the 7th most popular physicist (up from 8th in 2019), the 30th most popular biography from Italy (up from 33rd in 2019) and the most popular Italian Physicist. WebLnea del tiempo de los Sistemas Operativos. Italian physicist and chemist (17451827)For the concept car, see Toyota Alessandro Volta. After him are Max Planck, Robert Hooke, Pierre Curie, Hans Christian rsted, James Prescott Joule, and Andr-Marie Ampre. Buy 2 for $5.00 Save $ 0.19 EA Good US. Volta is among the most popular and recognized citizens of Como, his hometown; indeed, a museum was erected in his honor. Volta also drew admiration from Napoleon Bonaparte for his invention, and was invited to the Ins*ute of France to demonstrate his invention to the members of the ins*ute. In 1794, Volta married an aristocratic lady also from Como, Teresa Peregrini, with whom he raised three sons: Zanino, Flaminio, and Luigi. Pre Order. He said his first words when was four, and slowly, he learned to speak fluently as late as in the age of seven, but then he immediately began to reveal a lively curiosity towards natural phenomena, to the point that, in the anxiety of finding some shiny straws that, according to the local peasants, had to be gold, he risked drowning in the source of Monteverde, near Camnago. He died there on 5 March 1827, just after his 82nd birthday. Once melted, use the butterscotch chips as a replacement for melted chocolate in any recipe. One of the conductors becomes positively charged whereas the other becomes negatively charged. [12] This is called Volta's Law of Capacitance, and for this work the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt. California. Favorite Answer. Despite his professional success, Volta tended to be a person inclined towards domestic life and this was more apparent in his later years. https://www.food.com/recipe/toll-house-butterscotch-chip-cookies-16110 All thats involved is taking some crispy chow mein noodles and mixing them with melted butterscotch chips; as for how to melt butterscotch chips, my infallible method is microwaving them in thirty second bursts and stirring between until melted. Before him are Ovid (-43), Sandro Botticelli (1445), Marcus Aurelius (121), Petrarch (1304), Caligula (12), and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313). Volta was born and educated in Como, Lombardy (Italy), where he became professor of physics at the Royal School in 1774. [23], In the Old Campus of the University of Pavia there is the classroom (Aula Volta) commissioned by Emperor Joseph II to Leopoldo Pollack in 1787 for the lectures of Alessandro Volta,[13] while in the University History Museum there are many scientific instruments that belonged to Volta and his chair and his blackboard. ( b. Como. The electric eel species Electrophorus voltai, described in 2019 and the strongest bioelectricity producer in nature, was named after Volta.[25]. ro:Alessandro Volta Drop by rounded tablespoon onto ungreased baking In my humble opinion as a food writer, there is no finer cookie, especially for making at home, than chocolate chip. Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Volta was an Italian scientist that is known for inventing the first battery. WebItalian Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist, chemist, and a pioneer of electricity and power, w Full Biography Alessandro Volta quotes Popular Recent You must be ready to give up even the most attractive ideas when experiment shows them to be wrong. Volta was a professor at Pavia when Luigi Galvani did his famous experiments on frogs in 1791. Hello- My best friend was recently diagnosed with celiac, in an effort to cheer her up and show her she can still eat her favorite foods, just modified, I decided to (very carefully) make her some 7 layer/congo/magic layer/whatever you call them bars- the recipe i use calls for butterscotch chips. Alessandro Volta Archived 2 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. In fact, it is said that when his mother died, Volta had just come from his European tour of 1781-1782 and when he arrived in Milan, he heard that his mother was sick but instead of going to see her, he stayed in Milan to pursue personal interests and relied upon the information he received regularly from home (Pancaldi, 2005 p13). He showed that, when two different probes of two different metals touched the muscles of a frog the electricity in the muscles of the frog was released making the leg of the frog to twitch; this was known as the Galvanis theory. He was born in Como in Lombardy, Italy.. Volta worked on the electrophorus that makes a static electric charge in 1775. Volta was born in Como, a town in northern Italy, on 18 February 1745. Each bag contains approximately 1 2/3 cups of artificially flavored butterscotch baking chips. (17491799): a provincial electrician in eighteenth-century England", "Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator", "Gli scienziati cattolici che hanno fatto lItalia (Catholic scientists who made Italy)", Christianity and the leaders of modern science; a contribution to the history of culture in the nineteenth century, References to Volta in European historic newspapers, Life of Alessandro Volta: Biography; Inventions; Facts, https://www.famousscientists.org/alessandro-volta/, https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/personnalites/physique-alessandro-volta-633/, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Volta, https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/pioneers/alessandro-volta, List of scientists whose names are used as units, Scientists whose names are used in physical constants, People whose names are used in chemical element names, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&oldid=1141091061, Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Academic staff of the University of Pavia, Articles with dead external links from June 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from September 2010, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 08:37. Interested in finding out about other influential individuals who changed our world forever? Biography Volta was born and educated in Como , Lombardy ( Italy ), where he became professor of physics at the Royal School in 1774 . Gratefully, other scientists proved that the discoveries of Alessandro volt were correct. Alessandro Volta, His Life and Contributions. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Alessandro Volta constructed and described the primary electrochemical battery, the voltaic pile, in 1800. Just like his father, Alessandro Volta married at a venerable age to a much younger woman. Volta was raised in a strict Catholic family. This is IvyPanda's free database of academic paper samples. Volta modified another instrument called the eudiometer, which measured the volume and composition of gases. In this way he discovered the electrochemical series, and the law that the electromotive force (emf) of a galvanic cell, consisting of a pair of metal electrodes separated by electrolyte, is the difference between their two electrode potentials (thus, two identical electrodes and a common electrolyte give zero net emf). NESTLE TOLL HOUSE Butterscotch Chips 11 oz. Carl Wilcke (1762) "Ytterligare rn och frsk om, For a photograph of his gravesite, and other Volta locales, see, Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field, History of the internal combustion engine, "On the Electricity excited by the mere Contact of conducting Substances of different kinds", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "Milestones:Volta's Electrical Battery Invention, 1799", "Abraham Bennet F.R.S. Great recipe! Volta continued his study of chemistry between 1776 and 1777. He was successful in finding out that ordinary air contains about 21% of oxygen. avril 3 2020, 6:51 pm. In 1774, he became a professor of physics at the Royal School in Como. This interest had initially been instilled by his friend known as Giulio Cesare Gattoni (Poole, 2010). 7/?s 9?V F PksVjC(g_nE>neX[8.?(;4a%Daa#2xn@3z,&Nx{%X O)e Volta also made another representation of his experiment to form what is known as the couronne des tasses (crown of cups). WebAlessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (/ v o l t , v l t /, Italian: [alessandro vlta]; 18 February 1745 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist, chemist and lay Catholic who was a pioneer of electricity and power who is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane.He invented the voltaic pile in 1799, and reported Add to Basket. Here is how he put it to use. Meta Quest 2 vs Oculus Quest 2: Is There a Difference? June 2, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/alessandro-volta-biography-and-contributions/. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Volta's invention sparked a great amount of scientific excitement and led others to conduct similar experiments, which eventually led to the development of the field of electrochemistry. Among the first instruments that he devised was the electrophorus. It is unsafe to handle, since sulfuric acid, even if diluted, can be hazardous. During this time, Volta also made his first discovery; he also discovered the gas methane after isolating it from natural gas. Get creative with Nestle Toll House Butterscotch Morsels! It is unsafe to handle, since sulfuric acid, even if diluted, can be hazardous. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Volta's remains were buried in Camnago Volta. Volta: Science and Culture in the Age of Enlightenment. WebBorn in 1745, the remarkable physicist, chemist, and electrical scientist, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, continued his consequential works and ideas until 1827 and even in following generations, as he would greatly influence the work and ideas of many upcoming thinkers and inventors. It includes Cascade, a control flow analysis tool for Java, and Clepsydra, a worst-case execution time analyzer. https://www.marthastewart.com/314799/chocolate-butterscotch-chip-cookies FREE Delivery. He held the chair of experimental physics at the University for nearly 40 years and was widely idolised by his students. Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta was an Italian physicist and chemist who was a pioneer of electricity and power who is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane. Thus Volta married on 22 September 1794 in the church of San Provino in Como, to Maria Teresa Alonsa Peregrini (born 1770), from a rich noble family.